Dilution was the major natural attenuation process acting on leachate. In the dry season, electrical conductivity and concentrations of BOD, COD, N-organic matter, ammonia, sulphate and calcium were significantly higher (1.1-2.3 fold) than during the wet season. Monthly measurements of general landfill leachate parameters, organic matter-related factors and redox-related components revealed that leachate composition was influenced by seasonal precipitation. The objectives of the study were to identify seasonal landfill leachate characteristics in this surface water and to determine the occurrence of natural attenuation, in particular the potential for biodegradation, along the flow path. Some of the leachate from the landfill flows via several natural and collection ponds to a nearby river. The Jatibarang landfill receives 650-700 tons of municipal waste per day from the city of Semarang, Central Java.
Open waste dump systems are still widely used in Indonesia.
This paper describes laboratory testing procedures with fundamentals of data conversion and gives examples of CC ratin. The laboratory soil compaction is done with round pressure plate and similarly the tire contact area is represented by a virtual plate loaded by the same mean contact pressure. The unique feature of the CC approach is that it converts laboratory compaction measurements directly to soil compaction profiles under evaluated tires without touching the stresses in the ground. The CC rating evaluates soil dry density along a vertical column 20–50 cm below the ground surface. This paper reports on the progress in research of soil compaction risk assessment by means of Compaction Capacity (CC) tire rating originally introduced as compaction number (CN) rating. The general trend in soil protection is to reduce the detrimental soil compaction by loaded wheels of power and transport equipment.